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References 1 The Role of Ultrasound, hCG Assays, and Clinical Assessment in Medical Abortion
  1. Spitz IM, Bardin CW, Benton L, Robbins A. Early pregnancy termination with mifepristone and misoprostol in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1241.
     
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  6. Zabin LS, Emerson MR, Ringers PA, Sedivy V. Adolescents with negative pregnancy test results: an accessible at-risk group. JAMA. 1996;275:113-117.
     
  7. Robinson ET, Barber JH. Early diagnosis of pregnancy in general practice. J R Coll Gen Prac. 1977;27:335-338.
     
  8. Ellertson C, Elul B, Winikoff B. Can women use medical abortion without medical supervision? Reprod Health Matters. 1997;9:149-161.
     
  9. Bateman BG, Nunley WC, Kolp LA, Kitchin JD, Felder R. Vaginal sonography findings and hCG dynamics of early intrauterine and tubal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;75:421-427.
     
  10. Lenton EA, Neal LM, Sulaiman R. Plasma concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin from the time of implantation until the second week of pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 1982;37:773-778.
     
  11. Kadar N, Bohrer M, Kemman E, Shelden R. A prospective, randomized study of the chorionic gonadotropin-time relationship in early gestation: clinical implications. Fertil Steril. 1993;60:409-412.
     
  12. Kadar N, Freedman M, Zacher M. Further observations on the doubling time of human chorionic gonadotropin in early asymptomatic pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 1990;54:783-787.
     
  13. Kadar N, Romero R. Observations on the log human chorionic gonadotropin-time relationship in early pregnancy and its practical implications. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;157:73-78.
     
  14. Daya S. Human chorionic gonadotropin increase in normal early pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987;156:286-290.
     
  15. Batzar FR, Schlaff S, Goldfarb AF, Corson SL. Serial ß-subunit human chorionic gonadotropin doubling time as a prognosticator of pregnancy outcome in an infertile population. Fertil Steril. 1981;35:307-312.
     
  16. Chard T. Pregnancy tests: a review. Human Reprod. 1992;7:701-710.
     
  17. Paul M, Schaff E, Nichols M. The role of clinical assessment, human chorionic gonadotropin assays, and sonography in medical abortion practice. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183(2)(suppl):S34-S43.
     
  18. Daya S, Wood S, Ward S, Lappalainen R, Caco C. Transvaginal ultrasound scanning in early pregnancy and correlation with human chorionic gonadotropin levels. J Clin Ultrasound. 1991;19:139-142.
     
  19. LaGrew DC, Wilson EA, Jawad MJ. Determination of gestational age by serum concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin. Obstet Gynecol. 1983;62:37-40.
     
  20. Chervenak FA, Gabbe SG. Obstetric ultrasound: assessment of fetal growth and anatomy. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics, Normal and Problem Pregnancies, Second Edition. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1991:329-376.
     
  21. Goldstein SR, Jacot FRM, Poulin C, Poehlmann DS. Documenting pregnancy and gestational age. In: Paul M, Lichtenberg E, Borgatta L, Grimes D, Stubblefield P, eds. A Clinician's Guide to Medical and Surgical Abortion. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1999:39-51.
     
  22. Nyberg DA, Laing FC, Filly RA, Uri-Simmons M, Jeffrey RB Jr. Ultrasonographic differentiation of the gestational sac of early intrauterine pregnancy from the pseudogestational sac of ectopic pregnancy. Radiology. 1983;146:755-759.
     
  23. Creinin MD, Aubény E. Medical abortion in early pregnancy. In: Paul M, Lichtenberg E, Borgatta L, Grimes D, Stubblefield P, eds. A Clinician's Guide to Medical and Surgical Abortion. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1999:44-49.
     
  24. Nyberg DA, Filly RA, Mahony BS, Monroe S, Laing FC, Jeffrey RB Jr. Early gestation: correlation of hCG levels and sonographic identification. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985;144:951-954.
     
  25. Dashefsky SM, Lyons EA, Levi CS, Lindsay DJ. Suspected ectopic pregnancy: endovaginal and transvesical U.S.. Radiology. 1988;169:181-184.
     
  26. Levi CS, Lyons EA, Lindsay DJ. Early diagnosis of nonviable pregnancy with endovaginal U.S.: predictors of pregnancy outcome in the first trimester. Radiology. 1988;167:383-385.
     
  27. Rossavik IK, Torjusen GO, Gibbons WE. Conceptual age and ultrasound measurements of gestational sac and crown-rump length in in vitro fertilization pregnancies. Fertil Steril. 1988;49:1012-1017.
     
  28. Goldstein SR, Wolfson R. Endovaginal ultrasound measurement of early embryonic size as a means of assessing gestational age. J Ultrasound Med. 1994;13:27-31.
     
  29. Schaff EA, Eisinger SH, Franks P, Kim SS. Combined methotrexate and misoprostol for early induced abortion. Arch Fam Med. 1995;4:774-779.
     
  30. Creinin MD. Change in beta-human chorionic gonadotropin after abortion with methotrexate and misoprostol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:776-778.
     
  31. Creinin MD, Vittinghoff E. Methotrexate and misoprostol vs. misoprostol alone for early abortion. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1994;272:1190-1195.
     
  32. Fiala C, Safar P, Bygdeman M, K Gemzell-Danielsson. Verifying the effectiveness of medical abortion; ultrasound versus hCG testing. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2003;109:190-195.
     
  33. Cowett AA, Cohen LS, Lichtenberg ES, Stika CS. Ultrasound evaluation of the endometrium after medical termination of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103 (5 Pt 1):871-5.
     
  34. Kahn JG, Becker BS, MacIsaac L, et al. The efficacy of medical abortion: a meta-analysis. Contraception. 2000;61:29-40.
     
  35. Levi CS, Lyons EA, Lindsay DJ. Early diagnosis of nonviable pregnancy with endovaginal U.S.. Radiology. 1990;176:71-74.
     
  36. Steinkampf MP, Guzick DS, Hammond KR, Blackwell RE. Identification of early pregnancy landmarks by transvaginal sonography: analysis by logistical regression. Fertil Steril. 1997;68:168-170.
     
  37. Goldstein SR. Significance of cardiac activity on endovaginal ultrasound in very early embryos. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;80:670-672.
     
  38. Howe RS, Issacson KJ, Albert JL, Coutifaris CB. Embryonic heart rate in human pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med. 1991;10:367-371.
     
  39. Brown DL, Emerson DS, Felker RE, Cartier MS, Smith WC. Diagnosis of early embryonic demise by endovaginal sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 1990;9:631-636.
     
  40. Edwards J, Creinin MD. Surgical abortion for gestations of less than 6 weeks. Curr Probl Obstet Gynecol Fertil. 1997;20:11-19.
     
  41. Thoen LD, Creinin MD. Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate. Fertil Steril. 1997;68:727-730.
     
  42. Nyberg DA, Hughes MP, Mack LA, Wang KY. Extrauterine findings of ectopic pregnancy of transvaginal U.S.: importance of echogenic fluid. Radiology. 1991;178:823-826.
     
  43. Cacciatore B, Stenman UH, Ylostalo P. Diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy by vaginal ultrasonography in combination with a discriminatory serum hCG level of 1000 IU/L. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990;97:904-908.
     
  44. Fleischer AC, Pennell RG, McKee MS, et al. Ectopic pregnancy: features of transvaginal sonography. Radiology. 1990;174:375-378.
     
  45. Stiller RJ, Haynes de Regt R, Blair E. Transvaginal ultrasonography in patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161:930-933.
     
  46. Hicks JM, Iosefsohn M. Reliability of home pregnancy-test kits in the hands of laypersons. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:320-321.
     
  47. Daviaud J, Fournet D, Ballongue C, et al. Reliability and feasibility of pregnancy home-use tests: laboratory validation and diagnostic evaluation by 638 volunteers. Clin Chem. 1993;39:53-59.
     
  48. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Management of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease [ACOG Technical Bulletin No. 178]. Washington, DC: The College; 1993.
     
  49. Parmley TH II. The placenta. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics, Normal and Problem Pregnancies, Second Edition. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1991:39-58.

 
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