1. Grimes DA. Medical abortion in early pregnancy: a review of the evidence. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;89:790-796.
    
2. Kruse B, Poppema S, Creinin MD, Paul M. Management of side effects and complications in medical abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183(2)(suppl):S65-S75.
    
3. Spitz IM, Bardin CW, Benton L, Robbins A. Early pregnancy termination with mifepristone and misoprostol in the United States. New Engl J Med. 1998;338:1241-1247.
    
4. Schaff EA, Eisinger SH, Stadalius LS, Franks P, Gore BZ, Poppema S. Low-dose mifepristone 200 mg and vaginal misoprostol for abortion. Contraception. 1999;59:1-6.
    
5. Kahn JG, Becker BJ, MacIsaac L, et al. The efficacy of medical abortion: a meta-analysis. Contraception. 2000;61:29-40.
    
6. Aubény E, Peyron R, Turpin CL, et al. Termination of early pregnancy (up to 63 days of amenorrhea) with mifepristone and increasing doses of misoprostol. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1995;40(suppl 2):85-91.
    
7. Schaff EA, Fielding SL, Eisinger SH, Stadalius LS, Fuller L. Low-dose mifepristone followed by vaginal misoprostol at 48 hours for abortion up to 63 days. Contraception. 2000;61:41-46.
    
8. Schaff EA, Fielding SL, Westhoff C, et al. Vaginal misoprostrol administered 1, 2, or 3 days after mifepristone for early medical abortion: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2000;284:1948-1953.
    
9. Edwards J, Creinin MD. Surgical abortion for gestations of less than 6 weeks. Curr Probl Obstet Gynecol Fertil. 1997;20:11-19.
    
10. Creinin MD, Vittinghoff E, Keder L, Darney PD, Tiller G. Methotrexate and misoprostol for early abortion: a multicenter trial. I. Safety and efficacy. Contraception. 1996;53:321-327.
     
11. Creinin MD, Vittinghoff E, Schaff E, Klaisle C, Darney PD, Dean C. Medical abortion with oral methotrexate and vaginal misoprostol. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;90:611-616.
     
12. Hausknecht RU. Methotrexate and misoprostol to terminate early pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:537-540.
     
13. Schaff EA, Eisinger SH, Franks P, Kim SS. Methotrexate and misoprostol for early abortion. Fam Med. 1996;28:198-203.
     
14. Peyron R, Aubény E, Targosz V, et al. Early termination of pregnancy with mifepristone (RU 486) and the orally active prostaglandin misoprostol. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(21):1509-1513.
     
15. Creinin MD, Schwartz JL, Pymar HC, Fink W. Efficacy of mifepristone followed on the same day by misoprostol for early abortion. Brit J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;108(5):469-473.
     
16. Creinin MD, Shulman T. Effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the action of misoprostol in a regimen for early abortion. Contraception. 1997;56:165-168.
     
17. Harper C, Winikoff B, Ellertson C, Coyaji K. Blood loss with mifepristone/misoprostol abortion: measures from a trial in China, Cuba and India. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1998;63:39-49.
     
18. Jensen JT, Astley SJ, Morgan E, Nichols MD. Outcomes of suction curettage and mifepristone abortion in the United States. Contraception. 1999;59:153-159.
     
19. Ashok PW, Penney GC, Flett GM, Templeton A. An effective regimen for early medical abortion: a report of 2,000 consecutive cases. Hum Reprod. 1998;13:2962-2965.
     
20. Winikoff B, Sivin I, Coyaji KJ, et al. Safety, efficacy, and acceptability of medical abortion in China, Cuba, and India: a comparative trial of mifepristone/misoprostol versus surgical abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176(2):431-437.
     
21. Creinin MD, Fox MC, Teal S, Chen A, Meyn LA. A randomized comparison of misoprostol 6 to 8 hours versus 24 hours after mifepristone for abortion. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103;851-9.
     
22. Schaff EA, Stadalius LS, Eisinger SH, Franks P. Vaginal misoprostol administered at home after mifepristone (RU486) for abortion. J Fam Pract. 1997;44:353-360.
     
23. McKinley C, Thong KJ, Baird DT. The effect of dose of mifepristone and gestation on the efficacy of medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol. Hum Reprod. 1993;8:1502-1505.
     
24. Thong KJ, Baird DT. Induction of abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol in early pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992;99:1004-1007.
     
25. Schaff EA, Eisinger SH, Franks P, Kim SS. Combined methotrexate and misoprostol for early induced abortion. Arch Fam Med. 1995;4:774-779.
     
26. Creinin MD. Medical abortion with methotrexate 75 mg intramuscularly and vaginal misoprostol. Contraception.1997;56:367-371.
     
27. El-Refaey H, Rajasekar D, Abdalla M, Calder L, Templeton A. Induction of abortion with mifepristone (RU 486) and oral or vaginal misoprostol. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:983-987.
     
28. Creinin MD, Carbonell JL, Schwartz JL, Varela L, Tanda R. A randomized trial of the effect of moistening misoprostol before vaginal administration when used with methotrexate for abortion. Contraception. 1999;59(1):11-16.
     
29. Breitbart V. Counseling for medical abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183(2)(suppl):S26-S33.
     
30. Ulmann A, Silvestre L, Chemama L, et al. Medical termination of early pregnancy with mifepristone (RU 486) followed by a prostaglandin analogue. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1992;71:278-283.
     
31. Creinin MD, Vittinghoff E. Methotrexate and misoprostol vs misoprostol alone for early abortion. JAMA.1994;272:1190-1195.
     
32. Creinin MD, Vittinghoff E, Galbraith S, Klaisle C. A randomized trial comparing misoprostol three and seven days after methotrexate for early abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173:1578-1584.
     
33. Creinin MD, Aubény E. Medical abortion in early pregnancy. In: Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield P, eds. A Clinician's Guide to Medical and Surgical Abortion. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1999:100.
     
34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. MMWR.1998;47:1-111.
     
35. Learman LA, Grimes DA. Rapid hospital discharge following laparoscopy for ectopic pregnacy: a promise unfulfilled? West J Med. 1997;167:145-148.
     
36. Cunningham FG, MacDonald PC, Gant NF, et al. Williams Obstetrics, 20th Edition. Stamford, Conn: Appleton & Lange; 1997.
     
37. Lipscomb GH, Bran D, McCord ML, Portera JC, Ling FW. Analysis of three hundred fifteen ectopic pregnancies treated with single-dose methotrexate. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;178:1354-1358.
     
38. Heard K, Kendall J, Abbott J. Rupture of ectopic pregnancy after medical therapy with methotrexate. A case series. J Emerg Med. 1998;16:857-860.
     
39. Land JA, Arends JW. Immunohistochemical analysis of estrogen and progesterone receptors in fallopian tubes during ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 1992;58:335-337.
     
40. Lipscomb GH, McCord ML, Stovall TG, Huff G, Portera SG, Ling FW. Predictors of success of methotrexate in women with tubal ectopic pregnancies. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1974-1978.
     
41. Grimes, DA. Risk of mifepristone abortion in context. Contraception. 2005;71:161.
     
42. Fischer M, Bhatnagar J, Guarner J, et al. Fatal toxic shock syndrome associated with Clostridium sordellii after medical abortion. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2352-60.
     
43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Food and Drug Administration, and the National Institute of Allergiy and Infectious Diseases. Meeting transcript for the Public Workshop on Emerging Clostridial Disease (Atlanta).11 May 2006. Available at: www.fda.gov/cder/meeting/clostridial/transcript.pdf. Accessed May 23, 2007.
     
44. FDA. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Mifepristone Information. April 10, 2006 Update. www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/mifepristone/default.htm
     
45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clostridium sordellii toxic shock syndrome after medical abortion with mifepristone and intravaginal misoprostol - United States and Canada, 2001-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005; 54:724.
     
46. FDA. FDA Public Health Advisory: Sepsis and Medical Abortion Update March 17, 2006. www.fda.gov/cder/drug/advisory/mifeprex200603.htm
    
    
47. Mancuso V, Poudyal J, Sabitri K, Padyha S, Darney P. Manual vacuum aspiration and contraceptive counseling in the outpatient setting for the treatment of incomplete abortion: a prospective cohort study in Kathmandu, Nepal. J Gynecol Tech. 1998;4:61-65.
     
48. Rosenblatt RA, Mattis R, Hart LG. Abortions in rural Idaho: physician's attitudes and practices. Am J Public Health. 1995;85:1423-1425.
     
49. Ulmann A, Silvestre L, Chemama L et al. Medical termination of early pregnancy with mifepristone (RU 486) followed by a prostaglandin analogue: study in 16,369 women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1992;71:278-283.
     
50. Creinin MD, Schreiber CA, Bednarek P et al. Mifepristone and misoprostol administered simultaneously versus 24 hours apart for abortion: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2007;109:885-894.
     
51. Spitz IM, Bardin CW, Benton L, Robbins A Early pregnancy termination with mifepristone and misoprostol in the United States. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1241-1247.
     
52. Reeves MF, Lohr PA, Harwood BJ, Creinin MD. Ultrasonographic endometrial thickness after medical and surgical management of early pregnancy failure. Obstet Gynecol 2008;111:106-112.
     
53. Schaff EA, Fielding SL, Westhoff C et al. Vaginal misoprostol administered 1, 2, or 3 days after mifepristone for early medical abortion: a randomized trial. JAMA 2000b;284:1948-1953.
     
54. Schaff EA, Fielding SL, Westhoff C. Randomized trial of oral versus vaginal misoprostol 2 days after mifepristone 200 mg for abortion up to 63 days of pregnancy. Contraception 2002;66:247-250.
     
55. Shannon C, Brothers P, Philip NM, Winikoff B. Infection after medical abortion: a review of the literature. Contraception 2004;70:183-190.
     
56. Isaacs JD Jr., McGehee RP, Cowan BD. Life-threatening neutropenia following methotrexate treatment of ectopic pregnancy: a report of two cases. Obstet Gynecol 1996;88, 694-696.
     
57. Sawaya GF, Grady D, Kerlikowske K, Grimes DA Antibiotics at the time of induced abortion: the case for universal prophylaxis based on a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87;884-890.
     
58. Fjerstad M, Trussell J, Sivin I, et al. Rate of serious infection after changes in regimens for medical abortion. N Engl J Med 2009;361:145-151.
     
59. Fischer M, Bhatnagar J, Guarner J et al. Fatal toxic shock syndrome associated with Clostridium sordellii after medical abortion. N Eng J Med 2005;353:2352-2360.
     
60. Cohen AL, Bhatnagar J, Reagan S et al. Toxic shock associated with Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium perfringens after medical and spontaneous abortion. Obstet Gynecol 2007;110:1027-1033.
     
61. Zane SB, Berg CJ. Deaths from Clostridium sordellii after medical abortion. New Engl J Med 2006;354:1645-1647.
     
62. Middleton T, Schaff E, Fielding S et al. Randomized trial of mifepristone and buccal or vaginal misoprostol for abortion through 56 days of last menstrual period. Contraception 2005;72:328-332
     
63. Winikoff B, Dzuba I, Creinin M, et al. Two distinct oral routes of misoprostol in mifepristone medical abortion. Obstet Gynecol 2008;112(6):1303-1310.
     
64. Tang OS, Chan CC, Ng EH et al. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on the use of mifepristone with sublingual or vaginal misoprostol for medical abortions of less than 9 weeks gestation. Hum Reprod 2003;18:2315-8;
     
65. Hamoda H, Ashok PW, Dow J, et al. A pilot study of mifepristone in combination with sublingual or vaginal misoprostol for medical termination of pregnancy up to 63 days gestation. Contraception 2003;68:335-8;
     
66. Schaff E, DiCenzo R, Fielding S. Comparison of misoprostol plasma concentrations following buccal and sublingual administration. Contraception 2005;71:22-25.
     
67. Reeves M, Kudva A, Creinin M. Medical abortion outcomes after a second dose of misoprostol for persistent gestational sac. Contraception 2008;78:332-35.

 
Click here to return to Module 2 - Expected Side Effects and Management of Complications in Medical Abortion.

©2009 Copyright National Abortion Federation
Disclaimer | Contact Us